• With one exception all receptors for dopamine DA serotonin

  2023-08-18

  

  With one exception, all receptors for dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and norepinephrine are metabotropic receptors. The five metabotropic DA receptors (D1–D5) in the CNS are involved in motivation, pleasure, cognition, learning, memory, fine motor control, and modulate neuroen

• Introduction Diabetic nephropathy is a rapidly growing cause

  2023-08-18

  

  Introduction Diabetic nephropathy is a rapidly growing cause of end-stage renal disease [1]. Glomerular, tubular and vascular toxicity resulting from hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) have been evaluated extensively at the molecular level as contributing factors for diabetic nephropathy [[1], [2], [3]]

• The A b action occurs in conditions where high

  2023-08-18

  

  The A2b action occurs in conditions where high concentrations of adenosine is generated, so its blockage does not interfere with other physiological processes mediated by adenosine and others AR [105]. Furthermore the A3 receptor was shown to have pro-apoptotic effects on tumor lines of breast, lung

• br Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for

  2023-08-18

  

  Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript, and also thank Dr. Hans-U. Dahms for his comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation (2009-0071218) funded to Young-Mi Lee. This work was al

• This study does have several limitations mainly

  2023-08-18

  

  This study does have several limitations, mainly related to the DMSO vehicle. While DMSO is a known anti-inflammatory mediator,5, 12 it has been shown to upregulate ALOX5, which was not seen in this study (as we are likely underpowered to detect this difference). A manifestation of this anti-inflamm

• PKR Inhibitor In our bioinformatics analysis of proteins wit

  2023-08-18

  

  In our bioinformatics analysis of proteins with increased SUMOylation upon treatment with MMC and HU, we found clusters of co-regulated proteins that are known to function together in the RS response. In addition to the ATR activation proteins, BRCA1 and BARD1, we also found Fanconi anemia proteins

• br Interaction between ASK and TRX Thioredoxins

  2023-08-18

  

  Interaction between ASK1 and TRX Thioredoxins are small (∼12kDa) dithiol oxidoreductases ubiquitously expressed in species ranging from plants to archaea and mammals. They perform various biological functions, such as reducing protein disulfide bonds, supplying reducing equivalents to redox HET00

• It has been well established that shortly after

  2023-08-18

  

  It has been well established that shortly after systemic inflammation, NADPH oxidase and iNOS activity were increased in the Neuregulin/Heregulin-1β (NRG-1β/HRG-1β), human recombinant protein and lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO [66]. Moreover, previous studies indicat

• tetraethylammonium AMPK is a cellular energy sensor that is

  2023-08-18

  

  AMPK is a cellular energy sensor that is phosphorylated in response to high intracellular ADP levels to increase GLUT4 translocation into the cell, and subsequently, increase intracellular glucose levels to provide substrate to replenish ATP levels [25]. In metabolic syndrome, sequestration of plasm

• To elucidate this relationship we

  2023-08-17

  

  To elucidate this relationship, we developed a spatial model of Ca-influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), CaMKII/PP1 activation, and AMPAR insertion in a realistic spine geometry. Using this model, we show that i) variables in membrane voltage mediated Ca-influx, particularly the numb

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Microbial enzymes have g

  2023-08-17

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes (Singh et al., 2016). Microbial aminopeptidases (amino-a

• It thus appeared reasonable that AR needed to

  2023-08-17

  

  It thus appeared reasonable that AR needed to be inhibited and great experimental efforts began which are still on-going [6]. Indeed, hundreds of ARIs have been characterized but no significant drug development has followed. The case of Sorbinil, which did not pass clinical trials is emblematic [7]

• In a recent series of studies from our laboratory

  2023-08-17

  

  In a recent series of studies from our laboratory, to characterize the contractile systems within the rat nmda receptor wall, three conditions were identified that led to detrusor activity: spontaneous micro-contractions, electrical field stimulated (EFS) contractions and muscarinic agonist induced

• s7694 Here we have used transcriptome analysis of primary ne

  2023-08-17

  

  Here, we have used transcriptome analysis of primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with either the ETR agonist endothelin-1 or the α1-AR agonist phenylephrine to assess differences in their respective signalling networks, and further probed these differences using a panel of fluorescent resona

• Control of retinal vascularization during development and OI

  2023-08-17

  

  Control of retinal vascularization during development and OIR likely involves close interactions among endothelial cells, neurons and glial valdecoxib (microglial and astrocytes) (see Fig. 2). In particular, the interaction between endothelial tip cells and astrocytes plays a critical role in devel

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